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- #Mass steam account generator generator#
- #Mass steam account generator update#
- #Mass steam account generator full#
- #Mass steam account generator verification#
Their parameters, characteristics, and thermal efficiencyĪre compared and ways to increase the latter are analyzed. ThisĪrticle briefly reviews different concepts of steam generators.
#Mass steam account generator generator#
Nonetheless, the question of using a different type of steam generator is raised periodically in our country and abroad. The existing concepts in one or another country have been unsuccessful because there are no convincing arguments for this. Power plants and satisfactorily fulfill their functions, enabling the production of electricity. Both types of steam generators operate successfully in nuclear Historically, vertical steam generators came toīe used abroad and horizontal steam generators in our country. The steam generator is a very important component of a nuclear power plant. The paper will also discuss the potential for long term degradation, the effects of extended power uprates on carryover and the limitations of chemistry guidelines. This paper describes how a chemical tracer can be used to measure the moisture content of the steam, considerations for the injection and sample points, plant alignment recommendations and the support required from a utility, when performing this test. Moreover, if there is significant carryover, there is the potential for additional damage to the turbine blading and housing from the impingement of the water droplets. However, from an operational standpoint, if moisture carryover is present but is not accounted for, the thermal power of the unit will be below its licensed power level causing a loss in electrical output due both a lower thermal power and a reduction in turbine cycle efficiency.
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If the moisture content of the steam is not measured, one must assume that it is zero, which is conservative, since it provides an upper limit for the thermal power calculation. Thus, the fraction of moisture in the steam can be defined as the ratio of concentration of the tracer in the steam divided by concentration of the tracer in the riser of the generator or reactor vessel. The quality of the steam can be measured using a throttling calorimeter, but a much more accurate means of measurement is with the use of a chemical tracer salt that is only carried over with the main steam by droplets of water. Since the exit enthalpy of most units is saturated steam, the state of the steam must be defined in terms of the enthalpy of dry stream minus the fraction of moisture being carried over with the steam times the heat of vaporization. When performing this measurement, it is necessary to determine the enthalpy of the steam exiting each steam generator or the reactor vessel.
#Mass steam account generator verification#
Verification of this power level is done by measuring the change in the enthalpy of the feedwater times the mass flow of the feedwater through each steam generator for pressurized water reactor or through the reactor vessel for boiling water reactors. It will be shown that the 2005 CHF look-up table is characterized by a significant improvement in accuracy and smoothness.Īll nuclear power plants are licensed to operate at a specific thermal power. A discussion of the impact of these changes on the prediction accuracy and table smoothness is presented. This was done by the use of logarithmic functions for CHF, using optimum Spline functions etc. The major improvements made are: - enhancement of the quality of the data base of the CHF look-up table (identify outliers, improve screening procedures) - increase in the data base by adding recently obtained data - employment of greater subdivision of the look-up table by using smaller intervals in the independent parameters (pressure, mass flux and quality) at conditions where the variation in CHF is significant - improvement of the smoothness of the CHF look-up table.
#Mass steam account generator update#
The 2005 CHF LUT is an update to the 1995 LUT and addresses several concerns raised in the literature.
#Mass steam account generator full#
covering the full range of conditions of practical interest. The 1995 CHF look-up table employs a data base containing about 30 000 CHF points and provides CHF values for an 8 mm ID, water-cooled tube, for 19 pressures, 20 mass fluxes, and 23 qualities. CENG-Grenoble, University of Ottawa (UO), Ottawa, IPPE, Obninsk, and AECL, Chalk River) using an ever increasing data base. The CHF table development work has since been in progress at various institutions (e.g.
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This table, and all subsequent tables, contain normalized CHF values for a vertical 8 mm water-cooled tube for various pressures, mass fluxes and qualities. (1975), using a limited database of 5 000 data points. The first CHF look-up table was constructed by Doroshchuk et al. CHF Look-up tables have been used widely for the prediction of the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) The CHF look-up table is basically a normalized data bank.